How the evidence connects.
162 nodes and 301 links. Every concept links to the sourced rows that support it. The graph grows with each weekly run.
What the evidence says, by theme
Each theme is a judgement written by the research run. The rows listed under it are the sources it rests on.
Self-reported benefit outruns measured P&L impact · 12 rows
Most firms say AI helps; few measure it against a baseline. Headline productivity claims (tripled output, time saved) rarely come with a method, while the studies that do measure find little or no P&L effect yet.
- Vietnam AI adopters: 13% have a consistent ROI framework, 46% cannot measure returns AWS / Strand Partners (Vietnam) · 1 Oct 2026
- Globe Telecom reports 2.8x return on AI investments, PHP1.2bn measurable benefit Globe Telecom (Philippines) · 30 Sept 2026
- St. Louis Fed: AI is 15% of earnings-call productivity talk, 95% of it about future gains Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (Ozkan Kalyani Sullivan) · 31 Jul 2026
- HMRC Copilot trial: self-reported 2-3% of working week saved, after a 20% haircut HMRC (Phase 3 Copilot evaluation) · 9 Jul 2026
- Atlanta Fed et al.: over 80% of firms report no AI impact on employment or productivity Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta with Bank of England Bundesbank and Stanford (Yotzov Bloom et al.) · 24 Mar 2026
- FPT: AI handles about 70% of common inquiries; productivity per employee 'tripled' FPT Corporation (Vietnam) · 20 Mar 2026
- Four-country exec survey: 69% of firms use AI, UK Decision Maker Panel 71%, 89% report no productivity effect yet Atlanta Fed; Bank of England DMP; Bundesbank; Macquarie University (via CEPR VoxEU) · 1 Mar 2026
- DBS: S$1bn AI economic value in 2025 measured against control groups DBS Bank (reported by FCC Singapore) · 9 Feb 2026
- DWP Copilot evaluation: 19 minutes a day saved versus a non-user comparison group UK Department for Work and Pensions (reported by Computing) · 5 Feb 2026
- UK DSIT: users report productivity gains but 77% see no revenue change; 60% cite skills gap UK DSIT and DBT (IFF Research and Technopolis) · 28 Jan 2026
- PwC Global CEO Survey 2026: 56% report no significant AI financial benefit PwC · 19 Jan 2026
- UK cross-government Copilot trial: 26 minutes a day saved, self-reported, 17% saved none UK Government Digital Service trial (reported by PublicTechnology) · 3 Jun 2025
The pilot-to-production funnel narrows hard · 8 rows
Evaluation is common; production and scale are rare. Studies from MIT NANDA, BCG, Deloitte, IBM, McKinsey and Gartner put scaled, value-producing deployment between roughly 5% and 25% of firms.
- Deloitte State of AI 2026: 25% moved 40%+ of experiments to production Deloitte AI Institute · 1 Jan 2026
- McKinsey: nearly two-thirds have not begun scaling AI McKinsey & Company · 5 Nov 2025
- BCG: only 5% of firms achieve AI value at scale; 60% get none Boston Consulting Group · 1 Sept 2025
- MIT NANDA primary: 95% of organisations get zero return; 5% of integrated pilots extract millions MIT NANDA (Challapally Pease Raskar Chari) · 1 Jul 2025
- MIT NANDA primary: only 5% of enterprise-grade AI tools reach production; buying beats building MIT NANDA (Challapally Pease Raskar Chari) · 1 Jul 2025
- Gartner: over 40% of agentic AI projects cancelled by end 2027 Gartner · 25 Jun 2025
- IBM CEO study: 25% of AI initiatives delivered expected ROI IBM Institute for Business Value · 6 May 2025
- IBM CEO study: 16% of AI initiatives scaled enterprise-wide IBM Institute for Business Value · 6 May 2025
Winners redesign the work; they do not just add a tool · 6 rows
High performers are more likely to have redesigned workflows and jobs; most firms have not. BCG's 10-20-70 rule puts about 70% of AI value in people and process.
- Gartner CPO survey: only 36% very confident to redesign procurement for AI Gartner · 19 May 2026
- PwC 2026: embedded AI and strong foundations separate winners PwC · 19 Jan 2026
- Deloitte 2026: skills are top barrier; 84% have not redesigned jobs Deloitte AI Institute · 1 Jan 2026
- McKinsey: AI high performers are 6% and redesign workflows McKinsey & Company · 5 Nov 2025
- BCG: 10-20-70 - people and process dominate AI value Boston Consulting Group · 1 Sept 2025
- BCG: future-built firms show 1.7x revenue growth and 1.6x EBIT margin Boston Consulting Group · 1 Sept 2025
Skills and training are the binding constraint · 6 rows
Skills are the top cited barrier, executives themselves use AI little, and where employers pair tools with training use rises sharply.
- Humlum and Vestergaard: employer tools and training lift use to 93% Brookings (Humlum and Vestergaard) · 6 Oct 2026
- Vietnam skills gap constrains AI scale-up AWS / Strand Partners (Vietnam) · 1 Oct 2026
- Thryv SMB survey: 70% need more AI training; 46% would choose AI over a new hire Thryv (reported by Chain Store Age) · 13 Jul 2026
- Atlanta Fed et al.: executives use AI only 1.5 hours a week on average Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta with Bank of England Bundesbank and Stanford · 24 Mar 2026
- UK DSIT: users report productivity gains but 77% see no revenue change; 60% cite skills gap UK DSIT and DBT (IFF Research and Technopolis) · 28 Jan 2026
- Deloitte 2026: skills are top barrier; 84% have not redesigned jobs Deloitte AI Institute · 1 Jan 2026
Time saved is not money saved · 7 rows
Controlled trials and government pilots show real but modest time savings, mostly self-reported, and an experienced-developer trial found a slowdown. Savings seldom show up as revenue or cost lines.
- HMRC Copilot trial: self-reported 2-3% of working week saved, after a 20% haircut HMRC (Phase 3 Copilot evaluation) · 9 Jul 2026
- E-commerce RCTs: AI pre-sale chatbot lifts sales 16.3% and conversion 21.7% Fang Yuan Zhang Donati Sarvary (arXiv; MSI) · 30 Jun 2026
- Stanford AI Index 2026: measured productivity gains 14-26% in software and support Stanford HAI (reported by Siemens Xcelerator Community) · 23 Apr 2026
- DWP Copilot evaluation: 19 minutes a day saved versus a non-user comparison group UK Department for Work and Pensions (reported by Computing) · 5 Feb 2026
- METR RCT: experienced developers 19% slower with AI tools METR · 25 Jul 2025
- UK cross-government Copilot trial: 26 minutes a day saved, self-reported, 17% saved none UK Government Digital Service trial (reported by PublicTechnology) · 3 Jun 2025
- Microsoft Copilot RCT, 66 firms: email time down 1.29 hours a week, meetings unchanged Dillon Jaffe Immorlica Stanton (NBER 33795) · 1 May 2025
Headcount cuts attributed to AI are being reversed · 7 rows
Klarna, Commonwealth Bank and employer surveys show firms rehiring after AI-attributed cuts, and Gartner expects half of such firms to rehire by 2027.
- Forrester: 55% of employers regret AI-attributed layoffs Forrester (reported by People Matters) · 31 Jul 2026
- Gartner: half of firms that cut service headcount for AI will rehire by 2027 Gartner (reported by People Matters) · 31 Jul 2026
- Telstra half-year: 2356 roles cut, labour costs down 9%, CEO cannot name a role AI replaced Telstra (reported by CFOtech Australia) · 20 Feb 2026
- Careerminds survey: 35.6% of employers rehired over half of roles cut for AI Careerminds (reported by People Matters) · 1 Feb 2026
- Salesforce: support headcount cut from 9000 to about 5000 with AI agents Salesforce (reported by NBC News) · 2 Sept 2025
- Commonwealth Bank reverses 45 call-centre job cuts after AI voice bot Bloomberg · 21 Aug 2025
- Klarna reverses course and rehires human support agents Klarna (reported by Entrepreneur and Maginative) · 9 May 2025
Small and founder-led firms adopt later and see less · 6 rows
Adoption rises with firm size in the US, UK and OECD data; micro firms start high but grow slowly, and most small-firm users report no revenue change.
- Thryv SMB survey: 66% adopt AI and 70% say it raised revenue (vendor survey) Thryv (reported by Chain Store Age) · 13 Jul 2026
- Census BTOS May 2026: nearly 20% of US firms use AI; gap is by size US Census Bureau (reported by Princeton Info) · 26 May 2026
- UK DSIT AI adoption research: 16% of businesses use AI, micro 14% vs large 36% UK DSIT and DBT (IFF Research and Technopolis) · 28 Jan 2026
- UK DSIT: users report productivity gains but 77% see no revenue change; 60% cite skills gap UK DSIT and DBT (IFF Research and Technopolis) · 28 Jan 2026
- OECD (G7 request): SME AI adoption lags larger firms and the gap persists OECD · 9 Dec 2025
- Census BTOS Sep 2023-Aug 2024: AI use by size, micro firms start high but grow slowly US Census Bureau (Dinlersoz and Goldschlag) · 3 Dec 2024
Agents can do more than firms have deployed · 6 rows
Benchmark task success has risen sharply while enterprise deployment of agents stays in single digits by function, and governance and data readiness lag.
- Vietnam agentic AI awareness and use AWS / Strand Partners (Vietnam) · 1 Oct 2026
- KPMG Q3 2026: 62% building agents but only 30% build controls into them KPMG · 24 Sept 2026
- Stanford AI Index 2026: agent task success 12% to ~66% but deployment in single digits Stanford HAI (reported by Siemens Xcelerator Community) · 23 Apr 2026
- Deloitte 2026: only 21% have mature governance for autonomous agents Deloitte AI Institute · 1 Jan 2026
- McKinsey: agents scaling in 23% of firms but under 10% in any function McKinsey & Company · 5 Nov 2025
- Gartner: over 40% of agentic AI projects cancelled by end 2027 Gartner · 25 Jun 2025
Southeast Asia: adoption is rising faster than ROI measurement · 6 rows
In Vietnam and ASEAN, adoption and self-reported gains are high, but most adopters are still experimenting and few have a consistent ROI framework.
- Vietnam AI adopters: 13% have a consistent ROI framework, 46% cannot measure returns AWS / Strand Partners (Vietnam) · 1 Oct 2026
- Vietnam financial services leads AI adoption AWS / Strand Partners (Vietnam) · 1 Oct 2026
- Vietnam agentic AI awareness and use AWS / Strand Partners (Vietnam) · 1 Oct 2026
- Globe Telecom reports 2.8x return on AI investments, PHP1.2bn measurable benefit Globe Telecom (Philippines) · 30 Sept 2026
- FPT: AI handles about 70% of common inquiries; productivity per employee 'tripled' FPT Corporation (Vietnam) · 20 Mar 2026
- McKinsey/EDB/Tech in Asia: 46% of ASEAN firms scaling AI but 60% see under 5% EBIT impact McKinsey & Company / Singapore EDB / Tech in Asia · 11 Feb 2026